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8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Rust Belt site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
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10. Payment - ready to pay for your Rust Belt, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
The
Manufacturing Belt, often referred to as the
Rust Belt, is an area in parts of the Midwest and
Mid-Atlantic States regions of the United States of America. The region can be broadly defined as the region beginning west of the
BosWash corridor and running west to eastern Wisconsin. The region extends southward to the beginnings of the coal mining regions of Appalachia, north to the
Great Lakes and includes manufacturing regions of southern
Ontario in Canada.
Economic activity in the Manufacturing Belt forms a significant part of the
heavy industry and manufacturing sectors of the American economy. Contraction of manufacturing jobs has left many cities in this region in bad shape, forcing the area — the focal point on the continent for a recovering
automobile industry — to diversify. Emerging technologies in this region include hydrogen fuel cell development, nanotechnology,
biotechnology, and
information technology. The region is an important source of
engineering jobs.
Geographic Definition
Although manufacturing exists nationwide, the region is roughly defined as comprising the northern sections of
Indiana and Ohio; the southern Lower Peninsula of
Michigan; the
Lake Michigan shoreline of Wisconsin, especially around Milwaukee; Chicago/northeastern
Illinois; upstate New York, especially around Buffalo, New York; New York City and Northern New Jersey; most of Pennsylvania; and the northern part of West Virginia, particularly the Northern Panhandle. Other cities such as
Baltimore, Maryland, and
Wilmington, Delaware which share important economic characteristics are sometimes included. Saint Louis, Missouri may be considered to a manufacturing center, although the surrounding parts of Missouri and Illinois aren't part of the region. St Louis Escapes Its Rust-Belt Past. NPR, All Things Considered, May 17
2006. Accessed November 15 2006.
Sometimes, the adjacent portions of the Canada province of Ontario (particularly the southern and southwestern parts) are included as well, giving the concept an international dimension. This portion includes heavily industrial centers such as
Hamilton, Ontario, St. Catharines, Ontario and
Windsor, Ontario.
History
The area emerged as a center of manufacturing and heavy industry because of its location. Ready sources of coal just to the south in West Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky as well as in western and northeastern Pennsylvania; an immigration-driven population boom in the late 19th century; and easy access to shipping on the Great Lakes, and to the East Coast via canals, and later
railroads. The region was one of the first in the United States to see railroad service, with some of the earliest railroads such as the Allegheny Portage Railroad located within the region. Coal, iron ore and other raw materials were shipped in from surrounding regions to cities such as
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which became a center of the steel industry. Chicago, Cleveland, Ohio,
Buffalo, New York,
Detroit, Michigan, and
Toledo, Ohio emerged as major ports on the Great Lakes and served as transportation hubs for the region with a proximity to railroad lines.
The decline in manufacturing jobs is a hotly debated topic in the region. One popular culprit has been globalization and the expansion of worldwide
free trade agreements. Anti-globalization opponents argue that trade with developing countries has resulted in stiff competition from countries with much lower prevailing wages, forcing domestic wages to drift downward to compete. Another likely -- but less commonly discussed -- cause has been the increased transportation integration and migratory patterns within the United States, as proximity to energy sources has become less important and access to the booming populations and lower-wage labor markets of the Sunbelt has shifted a large share of new US manufacturing investment to these locations. A centuries-old trend to replace expensive labor with cheap technology has reduced the number of unskilled workers necessary to manufacture goods. Much of the manufacturing once done by workers is now done more efficiently by robots, reducing the total number of manufacturing jobs needed for a given level of output.
The decline of American manufacturing employment led to the moniker
Rust Belt, emphasizing the abandonment of factories in the Northeast and Midwest. Despite the decline in overall manufacturing employment, manufacturing output in the USA rises steadily. Although there have been decreases in the output of tradeable goods since 2000 resulting in part from trade issues, the US remains one of the world's pre-eminent manufacturing areas. American manufacturing has moved away from labor-intensive processes (which are cheaper in low-wage countries) and toward high-value products and advanced robotized manufacturing. Despite its difficulities, the area is the center of the number one exporting region in the US.
In recent years, many inner city populations in the region have shifted to the suburbs. Examples from the 2000 U.S. Census include Detroit,
Flint, Michigan, Cleveland, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Erie, Pennsylvania, Niagara Falls, New York, which is an important center for the chemical industry,
Buffalo, New York, Binghamton, New York, Rochester, New York,
Akron, Ohio, Toledo, Ohio,
Syracuse, New York, St. Louis (since 2002 has had slow population growth per year) and many more, despite revitalized Central business district areas. Incorporated Places of 100,000 or More, Ranked by Percent Population Change: 1990-2000 US Census Bureau, Census 2000. Accessed November 162006. Northern states have mounted a
"Cool Cities" initiative to reverse the trend. The
2004 population estimate showed Manufacturing Belt states averaged around 2% net growth even as many of those in retirement age moved southward.
Some economists regard manufacturing as a wealth producing sector of an economy, whereas a
service sector tends to be wealth consuming. {{cite web | last = Friedman
| first = David
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = No Light at the End of the Tunnel
| work = Los Angeles Times
| publisher = New America Foundation
| date = 2006
| url= http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2002/no_light_at_the_end_of_the_tunnel
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-12 -->{{cite web
| last = Joseph
| first = Keith
| authorlink = Sir Keith Joseph
| coauthors =
| title = Monetarism Is Not Enough
| work = Center for Policy Studies
| publisher = Margaret Thatcher Foundation
| date = 1976
| url= http://www.margaretthatcher.org/commentary/displaydocument.asp?docid=110796
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-12 --> Economists who favor a strong manufacturing base oppose [outsourcing for the sake of labor arbitrage to obtain cheap labor as an example of [absolute advantage which does not produce mutual gain, and not an example of [comparative advantage which does.{{cite web
| last = Roberts
| first = Paul Craig
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = America is losing
| work = Counter Punch
| publisher =
| date = 2005-05-12
| url= http://www.counterpunch.org/roberts05122005.html
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06--> [Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the [United States. Manufacturing provides important material support for national [infrastructure and for [national defense.
Effects of industrialization
Detroit has lost more than half its population in the past 30 years and has been hurt by rising crime - according to 2006 Federal Bureau of Investigation statistics it had the third highest violent crime rate in U.S cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants - failing schools and other social ills.
At 7.4 percent Michigan had the country's worst unemployment rate in August. In Detroit, unemployment runs near 14 percent and a third of the population lives in poverty.
See also
Notes
References
- American Steel, Richard Preston (1991), Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-029604-X
- Images of the Rust Belt, James Jeffery Higgins (1999), Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-626-4
- Industrial Sunset, Steven High (2003), University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8528-8
- People and folks: gangs, crime, and the underclass in a rust- belt city, John Hagedorn and Perry Macon (1988), Lake View Press. ISBN 0-941702-21-9
- Reorganizing the Rust Belt, Steven Henry Lopez (2004), University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23565-7
- Revival in the rust belt, Daniel R. Denison and Stuart L. Hill (1987), University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-87944-322-7.
External links
The
Manufacturing Belt, often referred to as the
Rust Belt, is an area in parts of the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic States regions of the
United States of America. The region can be broadly defined as the region beginning west of the BosWash corridor and running west to eastern
Wisconsin. The region extends southward to the beginnings of the coal mining regions of Appalachia, north to the Great Lakes and includes manufacturing regions of southern Ontario in
Canada.
Economic activity in the Manufacturing Belt forms a significant part of the
heavy industry and manufacturing sectors of the American economy. Contraction of manufacturing jobs has left many cities in this region in bad shape, forcing the area — the focal point on the continent for a recovering
automobile industry — to diversify.
Emerging technologies in this region include hydrogen fuel cell development, nanotechnology,
biotechnology, and information technology. The region is an important source of engineering jobs.
Geographic Definition
Although manufacturing exists nationwide, the region is roughly defined as comprising the northern sections of
Indiana and Ohio; the southern Lower Peninsula of Michigan; the Lake Michigan shoreline of Wisconsin, especially around Milwaukee; Chicago/northeastern Illinois; upstate New York, especially around Buffalo, New York; New York City and Northern New Jersey; most of
Pennsylvania; and the northern part of
West Virginia, particularly the
Northern Panhandle. Other cities such as Baltimore, Maryland, and
Wilmington, Delaware which share important economic characteristics are sometimes included. Saint Louis, Missouri may be considered to a manufacturing center, although the surrounding parts of Missouri and Illinois aren't part of the region. St Louis Escapes Its Rust-Belt Past. NPR, All Things Considered,
May 17 2006. Accessed November 15
2006.
Sometimes, the adjacent portions of the Canada province of Ontario (particularly the southern and southwestern parts) are included as well, giving the concept an international dimension. This portion includes heavily industrial centers such as Hamilton, Ontario, St. Catharines, Ontario and
Windsor, Ontario.
History
The area emerged as a center of manufacturing and heavy industry because of its location. Ready sources of
coal just to the south in West Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky as well as in western and northeastern Pennsylvania; an immigration-driven population boom in the late 19th century; and easy access to shipping on the Great Lakes, and to the East Coast via
canals, and later
railroads. The region was one of the first in the United States to see railroad service, with some of the earliest railroads such as the
Allegheny Portage Railroad located within the region. Coal, iron ore and other raw materials were shipped in from surrounding regions to cities such as Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which became a center of the steel industry.
Chicago, Cleveland, Ohio, Buffalo, New York, Detroit, Michigan, and Toledo, Ohio emerged as major ports on the Great Lakes and served as transportation hubs for the region with a proximity to railroad lines.
The decline in manufacturing jobs is a hotly debated topic in the region. One popular culprit has been
globalization and the expansion of worldwide
free trade agreements. Anti-globalization opponents argue that trade with developing countries has resulted in stiff competition from countries with much lower prevailing wages, forcing domestic wages to drift downward to compete. Another likely -- but less commonly discussed -- cause has been the increased transportation integration and migratory patterns within the United States, as proximity to energy sources has become less important and access to the booming populations and lower-wage labor markets of the Sunbelt has shifted a large share of new US manufacturing investment to these locations. A centuries-old trend to replace expensive labor with cheap technology has reduced the number of unskilled workers necessary to manufacture goods. Much of the manufacturing once done by workers is now done more efficiently by robots, reducing the total number of manufacturing jobs needed for a given level of output.
The decline of American manufacturing employment led to the moniker
Rust Belt, emphasizing the abandonment of factories in the Northeast and Midwest. Despite the decline in overall manufacturing employment, manufacturing output in the USA rises steadily. Although there have been decreases in the output of tradeable goods since 2000 resulting in part from trade issues, the US remains one of the world's pre-eminent manufacturing areas. American manufacturing has moved away from labor-intensive processes (which are cheaper in low-wage countries) and toward high-value products and advanced robotized manufacturing. Despite its difficulities, the area is the center of the number one exporting region in the US.
In recent years, many inner city populations in the region have shifted to the suburbs. Examples from the 2000 U.S. Census include Detroit,
Flint, Michigan, Cleveland,
Philadelphia, Pittsburgh,
Erie, Pennsylvania,
Niagara Falls, New York, which is an important center for the chemical industry,
Buffalo, New York,
Binghamton, New York, Rochester, New York, Akron, Ohio,
Toledo, Ohio,
Syracuse, New York, St. Louis (since 2002 has had slow population growth per year) and many more, despite revitalized
Central business district areas. Incorporated Places of 100,000 or More, Ranked by Percent Population Change: 1990-2000 US Census Bureau, Census 2000. Accessed
November 162006. Northern states have mounted a
"Cool Cities" initiative to reverse the trend. The
2004 population estimate showed Manufacturing Belt states averaged around 2% net growth even as many of those in retirement age moved southward.
Some economists regard manufacturing as a wealth producing sector of an economy, whereas a
service sector tends to be wealth consuming. {{cite web | last = Friedman
| first = David
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = No Light at the End of the Tunnel
| work = Los Angeles Times
| publisher = New America Foundation
| date = 2006
| url= http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2002/no_light_at_the_end_of_the_tunnel
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-12 -->{{cite web
| last = Joseph
| first = Keith
| authorlink = Sir Keith Joseph
| coauthors =
| title = Monetarism Is Not Enough
| work = Center for Policy Studies
| publisher = Margaret Thatcher Foundation
| date = 1976
| url= http://www.margaretthatcher.org/commentary/displaydocument.asp?docid=110796
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-05-12 --> Economists who favor a strong manufacturing base oppose [outsourcing for the sake of labor arbitrage to obtain cheap labor as an example of [absolute advantage which does not produce mutual gain, and not an example of [comparative advantage which does.{{cite web
| last = Roberts
| first = Paul Craig
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = America is losing
| work = Counter Punch
| publisher =
| date = 2005-05-12
| url= http://www.counterpunch.org/roberts05122005.html
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-06-06--> [Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the [United States. Manufacturing provides important material support for national [infrastructure and for [national defense.
Effects of industrialization
Detroit has lost more than half its population in the past 30 years and has been hurt by rising crime - according to 2006 Federal Bureau of Investigation statistics it had the third highest violent crime rate in U.S cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants - failing schools and other social ills.
At 7.4 percent Michigan had the country's worst unemployment rate in August. In Detroit, unemployment runs near 14 percent and a third of the population lives in poverty.
See also
Notes
References
- American Steel, Richard Preston (1991), Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-029604-X
- Images of the Rust Belt, James Jeffery Higgins (1999), Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-626-4
- Industrial Sunset, Steven High (2003), University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8528-8
- People and folks: gangs, crime, and the underclass in a rust- belt city, John Hagedorn and Perry Macon (1988), Lake View Press. ISBN 0-941702-21-9
- Reorganizing the Rust Belt, Steven Henry Lopez (2004), University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23565-7
- Revival in the rust belt, Daniel R. Denison and Stuart L. Hill (1987), University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-87944-322-7.
External links
RUST BELT
rust belt
RUST BELT - Alluvial Collection
Rust Belt makes jewelry sourced from re-purposed materials using low-impact, environmentally conscious practices. All work is handmade & can be special ordered in any metal.
Manufacturing Belt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Manufacturing Belt, more commonly known as the Rust Belt, is an area in parts of the Northeastern United States, Mid-Atlantic States, and portions of the Upper Midwest.
Rust Belt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Rust Belt, sometimes called the Manufacturing Belt, is an area in parts of the Northeastern United States, Mid-Atlantic States, and portions of the Upper Midwest.
From rust-belt to eco-city
In the fifth and final article in his 'International Insights' series Robin Hambleton examines the bold steps taken by Malmö, Sweden, to respond to the challenges of climate ...
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Benefactor's name must remain a mystery · Media launches massive hunt to track down donor ... Rust belt city celebrates a $100m gift from the Friend they will never know
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MySpace music profile for Rust Belt with tour dates, songs, videos, pictures, blogs, band information, downloads and more
Rust Belt definition of Rust Belt in the Free Online Encyclopedia.
Encyclopedia article about Rust Belt. Information about Rust Belt in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing dictionary. the rust belt
RUST BELT
INDUSTRIAL HEARTLAND. When studying the coalfields of Appalachia, it is also beneficial to take a look at the area that was one of the biggest destinations for Appalachian coal ...
